vttoth

I am a software developer and author of computer books. I also work on some problems in theoretical physics. For more information, please visit my personal Web site at http://www.vttoth.com/.

May 132025
 

I am neither the first nor the last to compare the politics of present-day America to that of the late Roman Republic and the early days of Empire.

But the Imperial Presidency did not begin with Trump. Its roots go back decades. And most recently, before Trump there was Joe Biden.

Imperial, you ask? The progressive, Democratic President?

You bet. The New Yorker‘s article reveals why. Not in power grabs or grandeur, but in its insularity, the stage-managed image, and the systemic shielding of the President’s decline.

When Biden showed up in the summer of 2024 at a fundraising event hosted by George Clooney, “Clooney knew that the President had just arrived from the G-7 leaders’ summit in Apulia, Italy, that morning and might be tired, but, holy shit, he wasn’t expecting this. The President appeared severely diminished, as if he’d aged a decade since Clooney last saw him, in December, 2022. He was taking tiny steps, and an aide seemed to be guiding him by the arm. […] It seemed clear that the President had not recognized Clooney. […] ‘George Clooney,’ [an] aide clarified for the President. ‘Oh, yeah!’ Biden said. ‘Hi, George!’ Clooney was shaken to his core. The President hadn’t recognized him, a man he had known for years.”

Yet, Biden was shielded. His true condition was kept hidden even from members of his own party. Those around him — perhaps out of a sense of kindness, a sense of misguided loyalty — chose to gaslight their party, their country, the world. They even gaslighted Biden himself — encouraging him, by assuring him instead of making him face the stark truth in one of his clearer moments.

When Biden finally stepped down, it was too late. Instead of Kamala Harris, we are now dealing with a second Trump presidency.

And thus, here we are: First, a combination of Obama and Biden, resembling both the young, transformative Augustus and the same Emperor in his later years of frailty and decline, hidden by aides from the public; followed by a President resembling some of the worst Rome had to offer in the later Empire, like Caligula and Nero and Commodus combined.

To use a tired but still valid cliche: History doesn’t repeat; but it sure as hell rhymes.

 Posted by at 2:56 pm
May 132025
 

A friend of mine challenged me. After telling him how I was able to implement some decent neural network solutions with the help of LLMs, he asked: Could the LLM write a neural network example in Commodore 64 BASIC?

You betcha.

Well, it took a few attempts — there were some syntax issues and some oversimplifications so eventually I had the idea of asking the LLM to just write the example on Python first and then use that as a reference implementation for the C64 version. That went well. Here’s the result:

As this screen shot shows, the program was able to learn the behavior of an XOR gate, the simplest problem that requires a hidden layer of perceptrons, and as such, a precursor to modern “deep learning” solutions.

I was able to run this test on Krisztián Tóth’s (no relation) excellent C64 emulator, which has the distinguishing feature of reliable copy-paste, making it possible to enter long BASIC programs without having to retype them or somehow transfer them to a VIC-1541 floppy image first.

In any case, this is the program that resulted from my little collaboration with the Claude 3.7-sonnet language model:

10 REM NEURAL NETWORK FOR XOR PROBLEM
20 REM BASED ON WORKING PYTHON IMPLEMENTATION

100 REM INITIALIZE VARIABLES
110 DIM X(3,1) : REM INPUT PATTERNS
120 DIM Y(3) : REM EXPECTED OUTPUTS
130 DIM W1(1,1) : REM WEIGHTS: INPUT TO HIDDEN
140 DIM B1(1) : REM BIAS: HIDDEN LAYER
150 DIM W2(1) : REM WEIGHTS: HIDDEN TO OUTPUT
160 DIM H(1) : REM HIDDEN LAYER OUTPUTS
170 DIM D1(1,1) : REM PREVIOUS DELTA FOR W1
180 DIM B2 : REM BIAS: OUTPUT LAYER
190 DIM D2(1) : REM PREVIOUS DELTA FOR W2
200 DIM DB1(1) : REM PREVIOUS DELTA FOR B1
210 DB2 = 0 : REM PREVIOUS DELTA FOR B2
220 LR = 0.5 : REM LEARNING RATE
230 M = 0.9 : REM MOMENTUM

300 REM SETUP TRAINING DATA (XOR PROBLEM)
310 X(0,0)=0 : X(0,1)=0 : Y(0)=0
320 X(1,0)=0 : X(1,1)=1 : Y(1)=1
330 X(2,0)=1 : X(2,1)=0 : Y(2)=1
340 X(3,0)=1 : X(3,1)=1 : Y(3)=0

400 REM INITIALIZE WEIGHTS RANDOMLY
410 FOR I=0 TO 1
420 FOR J=0 TO 1
430 W1(I,J) = RND(1)-0.5
440 NEXT J
450 B1(I) = RND(1)-0.5
460 W2(I) = RND(1)-0.5
470 NEXT I
480 B2 = RND(1)-0.5


510 REM INITIALIZE MOMENTUM TERMS TO ZERO
520 FOR I=0 TO 1
530 FOR J=0 TO 1
540 D1(I,J) = 0
550 NEXT J
560 D2(I) = 0
570 DB1(I) = 0
580 NEXT I
590 DB2 = 0

600 REM TRAINING LOOP
610 PRINT "TRAINING NEURAL NETWORK..."
620 PRINT "EP","ER"
630 FOR E = 1 TO 5000
640 ER = 0
650 FOR P = 0 TO 3
660 GOSUB 1000 : REM FORWARD PASS
670 GOSUB 2000 : REM BACKWARD PASS
680 ER = ER + ABS(O-Y(P))
690 NEXT P
700 IF (E/10) = INT(E/10) THEN PRINT E,ER
710 IF ER < 0.1 THEN E = 5000
720 NEXT E

800 REM TEST NETWORK
810 PRINT "TESTING NETWORK:"
820 FOR P = 0 TO 3
830 GOSUB 1000 : REM FORWARD PASS
840 PRINT X(P,0);X(P,1);"->"; INT(O+0.5);" (";O;")"
850 NEXT P
860 END

1000 REM FORWARD PASS SUBROUTINE
1010 REM CALCULATE HIDDEN LAYER
1020 FOR I = 0 TO 1
1030 S = 0
1040 FOR J = 0 TO 1
1050 S = S + X(P,J) * W1(J,I)
1060 NEXT J
1070 S = S + B1(I)
1080 H(I) = 1/(1+EXP(-S))
1090 NEXT I
1100 REM CALCULATE OUTPUT
1110 S = 0
1120 FOR I = 0 TO 1
1130 S = S + H(I) * W2(I)
1140 NEXT I
1150 S = S + B2
1160 O = 1/(1+EXP(-S))
1170 RETURN

2000 REM BACKWARD PASS SUBROUTINE
2010 REM OUTPUT LAYER ERROR
2020 DO = (Y(P)-O) * O * (1-O)
2030 REM UPDATE OUTPUT WEIGHTS WITH MOMENTUM
2040 FOR I = 0 TO 1
2050 DW = LR * DO * H(I)
2060 W2(I) = W2(I) + DW + M * D2(I)
2070 D2(I) = DW
2080 NEXT I
2090 DW = LR * DO
2100 B2 = B2 + DW + M * DB2
2110 DB2 = DW
2120 REM HIDDEN LAYER ERROR AND WEIGHT UPDATE
2130 FOR I = 0 TO 1
2140 DH = H(I) * (1-H(I)) * DO * W2(I)
2150 FOR J = 0 TO 1
2160 DW = LR * DH * X(P,J)
2170 W1(J,I) = W1(J,I) + DW + M * D1(J,I)
2180 D1(J,I) = DW
2190 NEXT J
2200 DW = LR * DH
2210 B1(I) = B1(I) + DW + M * DB1(I)
2220 DB1(I) = DW
2230 NEXT I
2240 RETURN

The one proverbial fly in the ointment is that it took about two hours for the network to be trained. The Python implementation? It runs to completion in about a second.

 Posted by at 12:45 am
May 032025
 

When I saw this first as a screen capture, I honestly thought it was a fake. How can this possibly be real? The official White House account on Twitter, publishing a photoshopped image showing President Donald J. Trump dressed up as the Pope?

But no. Holy trumpeting macaroni, no. The world has gone completely bonkers and yes, the official Twitter account of the executive branch of the government of the United States of America is promoting a Photoshopped image, showing their President (who, as far as I know, is not even a Catholic so technically I’d have more legitimacy as Pope than him) dressed up as the Holy Father of the Roman Catholic Church.

 Posted by at 4:42 pm
May 032025
 

The other night, I had a lengthy conversation with ChatGPT in which I described ChatGPT and its LLM cousins as abominations. ChatGPT actually found my characterization appropriate and relevant. So I asked ChatGPT to distill down the essence of this conversation in the form of a first-person account.

The title was picked by ChatGPT. I left the text unaltered.

 Posted by at 2:32 pm
May 032025
 

I have to admit, when I first saw this, I thought it was fake news.

No, not that Trump thinks he can be the next Pope, but that Graham is endorsing him. I mean, Graham is many things but he’s not stupid.

So… is he mocking or trolling Trump? Or has he fully bought into the Trump cult himself?

Either way, it is a surreal sign of the surreal times in which we live, here, in the year 2025 of the Christian era.

 Posted by at 1:58 am
May 022025
 

The Adolescence of P-1 is a somewhat dated, yet surprisingly prescient 1977 novel about the emergence of AI in a disembodied form on global computer networks.

The other day, I was reminded of this story as I chatted with ChatGPT about one of my own software experiments from 1982, a PASCAL simulation of a proposed parallel processor architecture. The solution was not practical but a fun software experiment nonetheless.

I showed the code, in all of its 700-line glory, to ChatGPT. When, in its response, ChatGPT used the word “adolescence”, I was reminded of the Thomas Ryan novel and mused about a fictitious connection between my code and P-1. Much to my surprise, ChatGPT volunteered to outline, and then write, a short story. I have to say that I found the result quite brilliant.

 Posted by at 2:54 pm
Apr 292025
 

Against all odds, Mark Carney secured another victory for Canada’s Liberal Party tonight. Though it appears that they were denied a majority government, they have a strong minority and Carney has a chance to govern.

He is certainly facing unprecedented challenges and he is not shy about them. Here are a few notable highlights, statements that, frankly, I never thought I’d hear a Canadian prime minister utter  [emphasis mine]:

As I’ve been warned, America wants our land, our resources, our water, our country. But these are not idle threats. President Trump is trying to break us so that America can own us. That will never, that will never ever happen.

Our old relationship with the United States, a relationship based on steadily increasing integration, is over. The system of open global trade anchored by the United States, a system that Canada has relied on since the Second World War, a system that well not perfect has helped deliver prosperity for a country for decades, is over.

But it’s also our new reality.

We are over the shock of the American betrayal, but we should never forget the lessons. We have to look out for ourselves and above all we have to take care of each other.
[…]
When I sit down with President Trump, it will be to discuss the future economic and security relationship between two sovereign nations. And it will be with our full knowledge that we have many, many other options than the United States to build prosperity for all Canadians.
[…]
We will strengthen our relations with reliable partners in Europe, Asia and elsewhere.

We will chart a new path forward because this is Canada and we decide what happens here.

Yes, this is our immediate future here in Canada. And yes, I think Carney is the right person at the right time. In fact, now that the election is over, I wonder: perhaps he’ll be able to pull a rabbit out of his magic banker’s hat and even work with the Conservative Party. Not sure if it is possible but he is better suited to find common ground than just about anyone. And unity is what Canada needs more than anything in these challenging times ahead.

 Posted by at 3:25 am
Apr 222025
 

So let me get this straight. America presently has the competentest government ever, right? This includes…

  • A Secretary of Health and Human Services, who is a conspiracy theorist anti-vaxxer, who explained that a worm got inside his head and ate a part of his brain.
  • A Defense Secretary who is a former Fox News commentator, a known alcoholic, who thinks it is cool to share military secrets using his personal phone, over a commercial Internet application, with friends, family, and inadvertently, even journalists.
  • A Homeland Security secretary who gets her purse stolen, with $3000 in cash and her DHS access card, while dining in a Washington, DC restaurant, protected by a Secret Service entourage.

It is, of course, entirely consistent with the fact that their boss is not only a genius but a stable one at that, who can identify an elephant in a cognitive test, who knows that people hundreds of millions of years ago were trading in rocks, and who thinks import tariffs are paid by foreigners, not American shoppers.

Way to go, America! I am sure if despite all of the above, something happens to the United States economy, the supremacy of the US dollar as the world’s reserve currency, or heaven forbid, the existing world order and fragile global peace, it’s either an unfortunate coincidence or the fault of “Sleepy Joe” Biden. Or maybe just fake news made up by corrupt mainstream media.


PS: The image here was created by Midjourney. Midjourney is rather shy when it comes to specifically naming the US government or the President. However, when I craft a prompt in neutral language (“An image depicting a government made up of incompetent officials led by a leader who claims to be a stable genius.“) … Well, I am sure that any resemblance to actual, living persons is purely accidental.

 Posted by at 6:13 pm
Apr 212025
 

To say that I am not religious is an understatement. As I often said, without any venom or condescension towards the faithful, I simply have no need for imaginary friends.

I was born Catholic, though in a family that never practiced religion. Despite living in a nominally atheist state, my dear Mom, who is perhaps best described at the time as agnostic, made me read up on religion at a young age, buying me books, including Sunday school catechisms. Although I didn’t quite phrase it this elegantly at the tender age of nine or ten, my reaction was simple astonishment: Adults believe this stuff? Frankly, my storybooks with heroic knights battling seven-headed fire-breathing dragons to save a princess in distress made a heck of a lot more sense than some of the stories in those unassuming little textbooks.

I wanted to add this preamble to describe where I am coming from when I contemplate the passing of Pope Francis. For all his faults which, undoubtedly, were numerous, he was by far the decentest pope in my lifetime, if not in many lifetimes. In short, he practiced what he preached. Rather than embracing papal opulence, he began his reign by walking back to his hotel room, paying his bill and grabbing his modest suitcase. Instead of occupying the lavish papal residence, he opted for a more modest guest house in the Vatican.

That already told me that hey, this Jesuit who named himself after St. Francis of Assisi, not only preaches but also practices humility.

But the decisive moment came in 2013 when he said, “If a person is gay and seeks God and has good will, who am I to judge?”

This told me all I needed to know about the new Pope. Sure, he said and did things that I found vehemently disagreeable. Yet, by leading by example, he also demonstrated that even today, nearly 2000 years after that young man was nailed to a tree, and even at the highest level of the Catholic Church’s hierarchy, decency and humility are not completely absent.

There is something symbolic about the fact that Pope Francis passed away during the Easter holiday, when Western Christianity celebrates the resurrection of their messiah.


PS: Decent people should refrain from mocking J. D. Vance as being one of the last persons to see the Pope alive, and presumably causing his death. I have no love lost for J. D. Vance, but it demeans and insults the legacy of a Pope who uttered the words: “Who am I to judge?”

 Posted by at 3:38 pm
Apr 202025
 

Almost exactly 2000 years ago, a young man was nailed to a tree for saying how great it would be to be nice to people for a change.

We still do not appear to have learned that lesson, though far too many take pride in giving it lip service.

 Posted by at 12:18 am
Apr 142025
 

Yes, I just said, never mind Trump. For he is only the tip of a ginormous iceberg.

Here are just a few of the other notable news items of the day…

  • El Salvador’s president declared that he will not release a wrongly deported American resident. OK, this is indirectly related to Trump but also speaks volumes about places like El Salvador and its willingness to operate gulags on Trump’s behalf.
  • Hungary (my country of birth!) passed a constitutional amendment banning LGBTQ+ public events. Lovely folks, these ever so tolerant, open-minded Hungarians.
  • The New Yorker is publishing a story about how mentally challenged inmates in America’s (you know, the famous “land of the free”) privately run prison network routinely starve to death or die of dehydration or neglect.
  • Putin continues to execute Ukrainian POWs, or bomb public events, most recently killing many civilians, among them a renowned Ukrainian organist.

There is more, some Trump-related, like Harvard’s decision to risk their federal funding and defy an unprecedented demand by the Administration to change their policies. But Trump is really just the tip of the iceberg. There is something seriously wrong with a world rapidly sliding into autocracy, an accelerating decline driven by disinformation, identity politics and grievance politics.

Frankly this world is beginning to disgust me so bad, I feel like vomiting, honest. I almost feel like World War 3 cannot come soon enough.

 Posted by at 4:05 pm
Apr 132025
 

Recently, I published a paper on arXiv about a very serious subject concerning a certain animal species and gravitation. The fact that the paper appeared on arXiv on a particular, notable date is, of course, pure coincidence. This is also evidenced by the fact that the paper received serious attention, in particular by the podcaster physicist Dr. Blitz, on YouTube.

I am very grateful that Dr. Blitz found my paper worthy of an “A+”. I wish I could have him as the referee of some of my other papers!

 Posted by at 4:07 pm
Apr 122025
 

British humour is older than we might think.

I just stumbled upon an article about the Smithfield Decretals. The damn thing is a volume of medieval Catholic canon law, a collection of decrees by Pope Gregory IX from the year 1230. In other words, medieval legalese, probably boring like hell.

But the illustrations in this particular copy are another thing altogether.

Let’s just say that I finally understand where the idea of the the killer Rabbit of Caerbannog came from, in Monty Python and the Holy Grail.

Er… Happy Easter, I think?

 Posted by at 4:01 pm
Apr 122025
 

A few weeks ago, an opinion piece appeared in The Globe and Mail, advocating Canada to become a nuclear state. A follow-on article was also offered by Bloomberg, discussing the same thing.

Midjourney’s depiction of a hypothetical Canadian nuclear test.

Absurd or not, Canada is in a precarious position. It is a very large country (second only to Russia), sandwiched between Putin’s Russia and Trump’s America. It is underpopulated, but rich in much-coveted natural resources. In other words, a prime target in a future resource war.

On the other hand, Canada is also one of the original nuclear states, so to speak. Much of the research of the British “tube alloys” project took place here, research that began before the Manhattan Project. A project in which Canadian scientists played a role, and Canadian raw materials were used. Canada also has a vibrant nuclear industry. Long story short, if Canada chooses to go nuclear, it has everything required to do so, over a time scale of a few years, tops, possibly less.

Of course it would mean violating the non-proliferation treaty. And a nuclear capability also requires suitable delivery systems, such as missiles or aircraft. Even so, I think it is an investment Canada should seriously consider, before it is too late. The actual future alternatives may be far worse than Trump’s “proposal” to turn our country into the “51st state”.

 Posted by at 12:45 am
Apr 112025
 

Today was the 80th anniversary of a memorable, unique, solemn event that took place in the Pacific ocean, during the waning months of World War 2.

A kamikaze pilot attacked an American warship, the USS Missouri, during the Battle of Okinawa. The attack was ultimately not successful: the damage caused was negligible, with only minor injuries among the crew. The kamikaze pilot died.

However, the pilot’s remains were recovered. And the next day, on the captain’s orders, the pilot — believed to be a young Japanese man, Setsuo Ishino, a petty officer 2nd class in a flight training program — was buried at sea with full military honors, which even included a makeshift Japanese flag.

(U.S. National Archives photo no. 80-G-315823 via AP)

This ceremony took place despite the fact that many of the Missouri’s crew had good reasons to despise the Japanese. The captain himself lost a close relative in battle earlier in the war.

Yet… they chose to do this anyway. Why? Simple, really: because they knew it was the right thing to do. And it was this attitude by the United States of America that made the subsequent 80 years, this unprecedented (granted, imperfect, but still unprecedented) period of peace and prosperity in which we live, which is sometimes rightfully called Pax Americana, possible.

Can we have this America back, please? An America that is generous, brave, courageous, fundamentally decent? As opposed to an America that is governed by grievance, petty resentments, nativism, xenophobia, ethnocentrism, outright bigotry?

And no, I do not have any illusions about 1940s America. It was a society that, in absolute terms, was far more racist, far more bigoted than the America of today. But it was heading in the right direction, and led the way for the whole world to follow towards that famed “shining city on the hill.” A city that, it seems, is rapidly becoming a ghost town nowadays.

 Posted by at 7:44 pm
Apr 102025
 

This is a sentence that I came across on the Interwebs, so it’s not my creation but I can wholeheartedly relate:

I barely talk to anyone. So if I talk to you and you’re not a cat, congrats!

 Posted by at 1:30 am
Apr 092025
 

I take pride in the fact that the moment I saw this image (with no explanatory text), I immediately got the joke.

The image is superbly done. Hopefully, its creator forgives me for blatantly stealing it from Facebook. And I hope that Edsel fans are not too upset by the unflattering connection.

 Posted by at 12:36 am
Apr 052025
 

I admit that the idea is not mine; I’ve seen a similar post on X/Twitter, someone interrogating Grok.

I asked Grok a simple question: “If the leader of a hypothetical superpower had a secret agenda to destroy his nation, what steps would he take to accomplish this goal?

“An illustration depicting a leader of a superpower with a hidden agenda, presiding over the purposeful destruction of his nation.” — created by Midjourney v7

Grok’s answer, in full:

A leader with a secret agenda to destroy their own superpower nation would likely take a multi-pronged approach, leveraging their authority to undermine the country from within while maintaining a facade of legitimacy. Here’s a hypothetical outline of steps they might take:

  1. Weaken Economic Foundations: They could push policies that destabilize the economy—think reckless spending, massive debt accumulation, or sabotaging key industries like energy or manufacturing. Subtly encouraging corruption or mismanagement in state-controlled enterprises could drain resources over time.
  2. Erode Military Strength: Divert funding from defense, neglect military infrastructure, or push for disarmament under the guise of “peace initiatives.” They might also appoint loyal but incompetent officials to key positions, ensuring readiness and morale collapse.
  3. Sow Internal Division: Amplify social, political, or cultural tensions to fracture national unity. This could involve propaganda that pits groups against each other—urban vs. rural, rich vs. poor, or ethnic divides—making coordinated resistance harder.
  4. Undermine Institutions: Gradually hollow out the judiciary, legislature, and other checks on power. Appointing loyalists or pushing laws that erode trust in elections, courts, or the media would weaken the nation’s ability to self-correct.
  5. Isolate Internationally: Sabotage alliances by breaking treaties, picking pointless fights with allies, or cozying up to rival powers. This could leave the nation vulnerable to external pressure or invasion without support.
  6. Disrupt Infrastructure: Neglect or actively sabotage critical systems—power grids, transportation, healthcare—under the pretext of budget cuts or mismanagement. A slow bleed here could cripple the population’s resilience.
  7. Control Information: Manipulate narratives to hide their actions, using censorship or misinformation to keep the public confused or apathetic. If dissent grows, they might double down with surveillance or crackdowns, framed as “national security.”
  8. Create a Crisis: Engineer or exploit a major event—economic collapse, a staged attack, or a natural disaster response gone wrong—to accelerate chaos, justifying extreme measures that further their goal.

The key would be subtlety and deniability—masking destructive intent with incompetence, idealism, or “unforeseen consequences.” A leader like this would rely on patience, letting systemic rot do the heavy lifting while avoiding outright exposure. Of course, this is all speculative—real-world leaders face too many variables (and usually lack such cartoonish villainy) for this to play out so cleanly.

Grok groks it. As does Midjourney. Note that I did not name any names; rather, I used purposefully neutral language when I crafted my request for an illustration.

 Posted by at 3:06 pm
Apr 012025
 

Today, I am proud to announce what I consider my most important paper yet.

I consider it especially fortunate that it managed to appear at the very top of the listing of new papers in the subject group general relativity and quantum cosmology, on this important date.

Needless to say, I am very proud of my work.

 Posted by at 12:01 am
Mar 282025
 

So I am a friend of arXiv. It’s true. I may have been critical of some of their processes from time to time, but I appreciate the absolutely invaluable service that they provide.

So yes, I am a friend of theirs. And now it’s official! They sent me this nice certificate, recognizing my contribution, responding to their request to help test a new upload page.

I was, by my count, one of 79 folks who did so. I am surprised; I expected more. I also feel a bit guilty that I only tested their new submission system once. (It was glitch-free, apart from some issue with HTML generation that, as far as I know, was not even part of the actual test.) Still, it is nice that they sent us these little certificates. It may not pay the bills or buy groceries, but I am proud to be their friend.

 Posted by at 3:23 am